The shear strength of soil increases with an increase in confining pressure. Consequently, the greater the denseness, the greater the shear strength of soil.

The strength characteristics of sand and gravel are determined by drained tests. The sand in loose condition also tends to reach the same ultimate shear strength. • Soil has shear strength, conventionally defined as friction and cohesion. Factors Affecting Shear Strength of Sand: 1.
On the other hand, if you push the ratio in the other direction you will get a product that has slightly less strength. The degree of interlocking increases with an increase in density. More water, cement or sand can be added if the mixture is too wet or dry. • Overloading, seismicity, etc. • At a given shear surface, there is shear stress, induced by: • The gravitational mass of the soil. Concrete - 1 part cement, 2 parts concreting sand and 3 parts 20 millimeter aggregate. A well-graded sand exhibits greater shear strength than a uniform sand. Soils derive their strength from contact between particles capable of transmitting normal as well as shear forces. Below is an example of a sand to cement mix ratio recommendation from a cement manufacturer. Mortar - 1 part cement, 4 to 5 parts building sand. The use of sand to improve the strength of natural clays provides a viable alternative for civil infrastructure construction involving earthwork. The contact between soil particles is mainly due to friction and the corresponding stress between the soil grains is called the effective (or inter-granular) stress s'. Peak strength = s P = σ tan φ and residual strength = s r = σ tan φ ’r ­ Concrete mix ratio of 1:3:3 – On mixing 1 part cement, 3 parts sand with 3 parts aggregate produces concrete with a compressive strength of 3000 psi.. On mixing water with the three ingredients, a paste is formed that binds them together till the concrete mix gets hardened.The strength concrete is inversely proportional to the water/cement ratio.

When this is used in a stability analysis, the tacit assumption is that the peak strength is attained simultaneously along the entire rupture surface. In common practice, the strength of the soil is defined as the peak strength (Points a and b in Figure 12-3) measured in the test. The internal angle of friction is most important in characterizing the shear strength of cohesionless soils. • Generally, slope stability is a comparison of available shear strength to The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user. The mould with adequate green strength retains its shape and do not collapse even when the pattern is removed from the moulding box.

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